In Part I, we journeyed through Nigeria’s rich pre-colonial history, from the ancient Nok civilisation to the mighty empires that shaped the region. We witnessed the arrival of colonial powers and the forced birth of modern Nigeria. Let’s explore how this complex heritage has influenced Nigeria’s post-independence journey.
Now, let’s dive into the rollercoaster ride of modern Nigeria. Buckle up
1960-1966: The First Republic
As we journey through Nigeria’s post-independence history, remember that each twist and turn shape the nation we see today. Crisis strikes. Renewal follows. Each cycle scars the nation, shapes institutions, and moulds the collective psyche. Military coups disrupt. Economic booms raise hopes. Busts crush dreams. Civil war tears the fabric. Democracy stitches it back. Nigeria is repeatedly broken. Yet, it reforms. It’s a constant cycle of destruction and rebirth.
It is the backstory to Nigeria’s current challenges and opportunities. Understanding this history is crucial for brainstorming strategies to unleash Nigeria’s full potential in our final instalment.
By 1964, cracks appeared. Boycotts and fraud allegations marred elections, and corruption scandals eroded public trust like corrosive agents.
Then, on a fateful night in January 1966, lightning struck. A coup was Staged. Nigeria’s democratic experiment stumbled.
Blood and Oil (1966-1970)
Imagine this: It’s 1966, and Nigeria’s fresh-out-of-the-oven democracy is about to get a rude awakening.
Major General Ironsi takes power, but his rule is brief. Six months later, Lieutenant Colonel Gowon is brought to the helm in another coup.
Tensions explode. The East, led by Colonel Ojukwu, declares independence. Biafra is born.
Civil war erupts. For 30 brutal months, Nigeria tears itself apart. Millions die, mostly from starvation. The world watches but carelessly.
Beneath the bloodshed, oil flows. Nigeria’s curse and blessing bubbles up from the Niger Delta. As the war rages, black gold promises future riches.
January 1970: Biafra surrenders. Gowon declares, “No Victor, No Vanquished,” emphasising that the war was not about winners or losers but restoring unity in Nigeria. But the scars run deep.
Nigeria emerges united but fractured. The giant has survived its first major crisis but at a terrible cost. As the 1970s dawn, oil wealth beckons. Will it heal the nation’s wounds or deepen them?
The Biafran War had profound and lasting implications for Nigeria. It deepened ethnic tensions, particularly between the Igbo and other groups.
Petrodollar Dreams (1971-1983)
The Oil Boom
1971. Oil prices soar. Nigeria’s coffers overflow with petrodollars. General Gowon declares money isn’t Nigeria’s problem, but how to spend it.
Nigeria’s oil production skyrocketed from 395,000 barrels per day in 1970 to 2.3 million per day by 1979. Between 1970 and 1980, the country’s GDP grew at an impressive average of 8.2% annually, outpacing many developed economies.
Talk about striking it rich! Nigeria went from zero to hero faster than you can say ‘black gold’.
Skyscrapers rise in Lagos, new highways crisscross the nation, free education expands, and Nigeria flexes its newfound economic muscle.
The OPEC Era
1973. Nigeria joins OPEC, and oil production peaks. The naira strengthens, and Nigerian shops open in London and New York. A new middle class emerges.
The Dark Side of Black Gold
But beneath the glitter, rot sets in. Agriculture declines, manufacturing struggles, and Nigeria becomes a nation of imports.
The rise of the puppet masters of Nigeria’s political theatre, corrupt politicians, aka Narcoqueens and Godfathers, caused corruption to explode. Billions vanished into private pockets, and the gap between rich and poor widens.
The Bust
1981. Global oil prices crash. Nigeria’s boom turns to bust. Debt mounts. Austerity bites.
The naira plummets. Inflation soars. Nigerians feel the pinch.
Political Turmoil
1975. Gowon is overthrown. Murtala Muhammed takes power, promising a return to civilian rule. Six months later, he’s assassinated.
Obasanjo steps in, keeping the transition on track. In 1979, Shehu Shagari became Nigeria’s first democratically elected president in 13 years.
But democracy’s roots are shallow. Corruption and mismanagement continue, and the stage is set for another military intervention. Now, people, sit up and listen!
Khaki and Chains (1983-1999)
New Year’s Eve, 1983. As Nigerians prepare to celebrate, tanks roll through Lagos. Major General Buhari seizes power, ending Nigeria’s Second Republic.
Buhari’s iron fist cracks down on corruption and civil liberties. Journalists are jailed. Criticism is silenced.
The Palace Coup
August 1985. Nigeria’s political landscape shifts again. General Babangida, the “smiling general,” ousts Buhari in a bloodless coup. He promises economic reforms and a return to civilian rule. Nigerians are sceptical but hopeful.
Babangida introduced Structural Adjustment Programs (SAP). The naira was devalued, subsidies were cut, and ordinary Nigerians bore the brunt as living standards plummeted.
The June 12 Debacle
1993. A glimmer of hope. Nigeria holds what many consider its fairest election. Business tycoon M.K.O. Abiola seems poised for victory. But Babangida shocks the nation, annulling the election.
Protests erupt, and Nigeria teeters on the brink. Babangida steps aside, handing power to an interim government, but the chaos isn’t over.
The Abacha Years
November 1993. General Abacha seizes power. Nigeria descends into its darkest period yet. Abacha’s regime is brutal, corrupt, and paranoid. Dissent is crushed. Abiola is imprisoned.
A New Hope
June 1998. Abacha dies suddenly. General Abubakar takes over, promising a swift return to civilian rule.
According to Dr. Jibrin Ibrahim, a prominent Nigerian political scientist, ‘The Abacha years represented the nadir of military rule in Nigeria. The regime’s brutality and corruption oppressed Nigerians.
May 29, 1999. Former military ruler Olusegun Obasanjo is sworn in as a civilian president. The khaki uniforms are put away. A new era begins. But can Nigeria’s democracy survive this time?
Democracy’s Tightrope (1999-Present)
Nigeria’s democratic journey since 1999 has been characterised by three overarching themes: the struggle for institutional stability, the fight against endemic corruption, and the challenge of inclusive economic growth.
May 29, 1999. Nigeria steps onto democracy’s Tightrope. Olusegun Obasanjo, now in civilian clothes, takes the oath of office. The nation holds its breath. Can this experiment succeed where others failed?
Obasanjo’s tenure brings mixed results. Debt relief boosts the economy. But corruption remains entrenched. Ethnic and religious tensions simmer. In the Niger Delta, militants demand a fairer share of oil wealth.
Power Transitions
2007 marks a milestone. For the first time, one civilian government hands power to another. Umaru Yar’Adua becomes president. His tenure is brief, marked by illness. Vice President Goodluck Jonathan steps in.
2011. Jonathan wins elections in his own right. But a new threat looms. Boko Haram emerges in the northeast, launching a brutal insurgency.
The Boko Haram insurgency, which began in 2009, has claimed over 35,000 lives and displaced millions. This crisis, coupled with ongoing challenges in the Niger Delta and rising banditry in the northwest, has strained Nigeria’s security apparatus and economy.
Buhari Returns (2015-2023)
2015. Another first. Muhammadu Buhari, now a civilian, defeats an incumbent president. Nigeria’s democracy shows signs of maturity, but enormous challenges remain.
Buhari promises to tackle corruption and defeat Boko Haram. Progress is slow. The economy struggles. Insecurity spreads beyond the northeast.
Bola Ahmed Tinubu (2023-Present)
On May 29, 2023, Bola Ahmed Tinubu, a former governor of Lagos State who has been a prominent figure in Nigerian politics for decades, was sworn in as Nigeria’s 16th president. His presidency aims to address economic diversification, improve infrastructure, and enhance national security.
Nigeria is currently in its Fourth Republic, which began in 1999. This period has been the most prolonged and stable democratic era in Nigeria’s history.
Conclusion
Nigeria’s journey from colonial subject to African powerhouse is, at its core, a story of spirit.
As we’ve seen, Nigeria’s journey has been marked by triumphs and tribulations. This complex history sets the stage for our final discussion: How can Nigeria leverage its historical experiences and learn from its past to chart a new course? In our next instalment, we’ll explore strategic ways to unleash Nigeria’s full potential, transforming it from a sleeping giant into a roaring force for African progress.